kernel is the main core of any OS. it's very small in size and all additional features are built around it.
the function of kernel is just to provide basic services such as handling files, devices etc. but the tools that you see such as print manager, windows explorer, media players, etc. all use the basic services of kernel to work.
the kernels are so small that the basic kernel can even be copied on a floppy disk (talking about linux kernel).
any os changes when kernel changes.