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    I've built a fairly large belief network (Printer Nightmare example from David Barber Bayesian Reasoning and Machine Learning book). Multiple random variables, their parameter and associated prior variables are defined and used in a graph. I used the Sprinkler demo from samples as a guidance and for the structure for the code.

    When running the inference, the Infer.NET compiler stumbles upon the first "Engine.Infer<Beta>(probFuse)" statement. The error message is not very informative, nor is the call trace. For example, I cannot see RV names in the error message which could help me to pin down the null reference object. I tried to do debugging and check if any of RVs is null but everything appears to be fine (I am sure something is not defined properly somewhere).

    Is there a way to track down what exactly is null reference? What are the best techniques?

    The code is on Github: https://github.com/usptact/PrinterNightmare/blob/master/PrinterNightmare.cs

    Thanks


    • Edited by usptact Wednesday, November 1, 2017 8:12 AM
    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 8:09 AM

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    Thanks for the stack trace, that told me where the bug is.  You have found a bug in Infer.NET.  It will be fixed in the next version.  Meanwhile, you can work around by using the following code:

        public static VariableArray<bool> AddChildFromThreeParents(VariableArray<bool> parent1, VariableArray<bool> parent2, VariableArray<bool> parent3, VariableArray<VariableArray<VariableArray<double>, double[][]>, double[][][]> cpt)
    {
        var n = parent1.Range;
        var child = Variable.Array<bool>(n);
        using (Variable.ForEach(n))
        {
            var parent2n = parent2[n] & Variable.Bernoulli(1.0);
            using (Variable.If(parent1[n]))
            {
                using (Variable.If(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][0][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][0][1]);
                }
                using (Variable.IfNot(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][1][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][1][1]);
                }
            }
            using (Variable.IfNot(parent1[n]))
            {
                using (Variable.If(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][0][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][0][1]);
                }
                using (Variable.IfNot(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][1][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][1][1]);
                }
            }
        }
        return child;
    }

    • Marked as answer by usptact Wednesday, November 1, 2017 7:44 PM
    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 7:14 PM
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    Infer.NET version 2.7 is now out and fixes this problem.
    • Marked as answer by usptact Monday, April 2, 2018 3:47 PM
    Sunday, April 1, 2018 2:51 PM
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    The best technique is to enable debugging in the generated code, described at Debugging inference.
    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 2:39 PM
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    Thanks. The problem is that there is no generated code. Apparently, something fails pretty early and the GeneratedSources folder is never created and populated.

    For the record, I set these fields in the engine:

    engine.Compiler.GenerateInMemory = false;
engine.Compiler.WriteSourceFiles = true;
engine.Compiler.IncludeDebugInformation = true;



    • Edited by usptact Wednesday, November 1, 2017 4:14 PM
    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 4:13 PM
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    The complete error message:

    Exception thrown: 'System.NullReferenceException' in Infer.Compiler.dll
An unhandled exception of type 'System.NullReferenceException' occurred in Infer.Compiler.dll
Object reference not set to an instance of an object.

    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 5:08 PM
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    I think I have identified the problem. The "AddChildFromThreeParents" function builds a VariablArray<bool> and has 3 levels of branching.

    public static VariableArray<bool> AddChildFromThreeParents(VariableArray<bool> parent1, VariableArray<bool> parent2, VariableArray<bool> parent3, VariableArray<VariableArray<VariableArray<double>, double[][]>, double[][][]> cpt)
    {
        var n = parent1.Range;
        var child = Variable.Array<bool>(n);
        using (Variable.ForEach(n))
        {
            using (Variable.If(parent1[n]))
            {
                using (Variable.If(parent2[n]))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][0][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][0][1]);
                }
                using (Variable.IfNot(parent2[n]))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][1][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][1][1]);
                }
            }
            using (Variable.IfNot(parent1[n]))
            {
                using (Variable.If(parent2[n]))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][0][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][0][1]);
                }
                using (Variable.IfNot(parent2[n]))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][1][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][1][1]);
                }
            }
        }
        return child;
    }

    The other two functions for adding a child from one and two parents respectively work well (inference runs). There is something bad with branching at 3 levels...

    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 5:47 PM
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    You should get a more complete error message (with stack trace) if you compile with Debugging enabled.
    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 5:59 PM
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    Unfortunately, this is the stack trace that I am able to get. I don't see variable names that could help me to find the problem.

    Compiling model...System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an
instance of an object.
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.CompilerAttributes.Containers.ContainerGetHashCode
(IStatement st) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Infer\Com
pilerAttributes\Containers.cs:line 319
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.CompilerAttributes.Containers.ContainerComparer.Ge
tHashCode(IStatement st) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\
Infer\CompilerAttributes\Containers.cs:line 333
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.Utils.Hash.GetHashCodeAsSet[T](IEnumerable`1 set,
IEqualityComparer`1 comparer) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Runt
ime\Core\Utils\Hash.cs:line 125
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.CompilerAttributes.Containers.GetHashCode() in c:\
Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Infer\CompilerAttributes\Contai
ners.cs:line 231
   at System.Collections.Generic.ObjectEqualityComparer`1.GetHashCode(T obj)
   at System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2.Insert(TKey key, TValue value, Boo
lean add)
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.Collections.Set`1.Add(T item) in c:\Builds\2\infer
net\External\src\infernet\Runtime\Core\Collections\Set.cs:line 120
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.AttributeRegistry`2.Set(TObject obj, TAttribu
te attr) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramewo
rk\AttributeRegistry.cs:line 219
   at #h.#ln.#Db(IExpression #j) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\C
ompiler\Infer\Transforms\ReplicationTransform.cs:line 392
   at #h.#ln.ConvertArrayIndexer(IArrayIndexerExpression #T) in c:\Builds\2\infe
rnet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Infer\Transforms\ReplicationTransform.cs:lin
e 100
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertExpression(IExpression
 expr) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework
\CopyTransform.cs:line 616
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertExpression(IExpression e
xpr) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\C
opyTransform.cs:line 602
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertCollection(IList`
1 exprColl) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFram
ework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 417
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertMethodInvoke(IMet
hodInvokeExpression imie) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler
\TransformFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 435
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertExpression(IExpression
 expr) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework
\CopyTransform.cs:line 610
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertExpression(IExpression e
xpr) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\C
opyTransform.cs:line 602
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertAssign(IAssignExp
ression iae) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFra
mework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 401
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertExpression(IExpression
 expr) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework
\CopyTransform.cs:line 609
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertExpression(IExpression e
xpr) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\C
opyTransform.cs:line 602
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertExpressionStateme
nt(IExpressionStatement ies) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compi
ler\TransformFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 102
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertStatement(IStatement i
st) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Co
pyTransform.cs:line 464
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatement(IStatement ist
) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Copy
Transform.cs:line 446
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatements(IList`1 outpu
ts, IList`1 inputs) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Trans
formFramework\CopyTransform.cs:line 396
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertBlockAlreadyOpen(
IBlockStatement inputBlock) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compil
er\TransformFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 74
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertBlock(IBlockStatement in
putBlock) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramew
ork\CopyTransform.cs:line 346
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertCondition(ICondit
ionStatement ics) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Transfo
rmFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 91
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertStatement(IStatement i
st) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Co
pyTransform.cs:line 472
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatement(IStatement ist
) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Copy
Transform.cs:line 446
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatements(IList`1 outpu
ts, IList`1 inputs) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Trans
formFramework\CopyTransform.cs:line 396
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertBlockAlreadyOpen(
IBlockStatement inputBlock) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compil
er\TransformFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 74
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertBlock(IBlockStatement in
putBlock) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramew
ork\CopyTransform.cs:line 346
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertCondition(ICondit
ionStatement ics) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Transfo
rmFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 91
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertStatement(IStatement i
st) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Co
pyTransform.cs:line 472
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatement(IStatement ist
) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Copy
Transform.cs:line 446
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatements(IList`1 outpu
ts, IList`1 inputs) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Trans
formFramework\CopyTransform.cs:line 396
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertBlockAlreadyOpen(
IBlockStatement inputBlock) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compil
er\TransformFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 74
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertBlock(IBlockStatement in
putBlock) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramew
ork\CopyTransform.cs:line 346
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertFor(IForStatement
 ifs) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\
ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 116
   at #h.#ln.ConvertFor(IForStatement #V) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\i
nfernet\Compiler\Infer\Transforms\ReplicationTransform.cs:line 45
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertStatement(IStatement i
st) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Co
pyTransform.cs:line 476
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatement(IStatement ist
) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Copy
Transform.cs:line 446
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertStatements(IList`1 outpu
ts, IList`1 inputs) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Trans
formFramework\CopyTransform.cs:line 396
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertMethodBody(IList`1 out
puts, IList`1 inputs) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Tra
nsformFramework\CopyTransform.cs:line 321
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.DoConvertMethod(IMethodDeclarat
ion md, IMethodDeclaration imd) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Co
mpiler\TransformFramework\CopyTransform.cs:line 305
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.DoConvertMethod(IMethodD
eclaration md, IMethodDeclaration imd) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infe
rnet\Compiler\TransformFramework\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 53
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertMethod(IMethodDeclaratio
n imd) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework
\CopyTransform.cs:line 156
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertMethods(ITypeDeclaration
 td, ITypeDeclaration itd) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compile
r\TransformFramework\CopyTransform.cs:line 137
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.ConvertType(ITypeDeclaration it
d) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\Cop
yTransform.cs:line 64
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.ShallowCopyTransform.ConvertType(ITypeDeclara
tion itd) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramew
ork\ShallowCopyTransform.cs:line 20
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CopyTransform.Transform(ITypeDeclaration itd)
 in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFramework\CopyT
ransform.cs:line 46
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.CodeTransformer.TransformToDeclaration(ITypeD
eclaration typeDecl) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Tran
sformFramework\CodeTransformer.cs:line 55
   at MicrosoftResearch.Transforms.TransformerChain.TransformToDeclaration(IType
Declaration itd, AttributeRegistry`2 inputAttributes, Boolean trackTransform, Bo
olean showProgress, List`1& warnings, Boolean catchExceptions, Boolean treatWarn
ingsAsErrors) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\TransformFr
amework\TransformerChain.cs:line 63
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.ModelCompiler.GetTransformedDeclaration(ITypeDecla
ration itd, MethodBase method, AttributeRegistry`2 inputAttributes) in c:\Builds
\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Infer\ModelCompiler.cs:line 704
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.ModelCompiler.CompileWithoutParams(ITypeDeclaratio
n itd, MethodBase method, AttributeRegistry`2 inputAttributes) in c:\Builds\2\in
fernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Infer\ModelCompiler.cs:line 757
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.InferenceEngine.Compile() in c:\Builds\2\infernet\
External\src\infernet\Compiler\Infer\InferenceEngine.cs:line 223
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.InferenceEngine.BuildAndCompile(Boolean inferOnlyS
pecifiedVars, IEnumerable`1 vars) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\
Compiler\Infer\InferenceEngine.cs:line 637
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.InferenceEngine.GetCompiledInferenceAlgorithm(Bool
ean inferOnlySpecifiedVars, IVariable var) in c:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\
infernet\Compiler\Infer\InferenceEngine.cs:line 598
   at MicrosoftResearch.Infer.InferenceEngine.Infer[TReturn](IVariable var) in c
:\Builds\2\infernet\External\src\infernet\Compiler\Infer\InferenceEngine.cs:line
 272
   at PrinterNightmare.LearnParameters(Boolean[] fuse, Boolean[] drum, Boolean[]
 toner, Boolean[] paper, Boolean[] roller, Boolean[] burning, Boolean[] quality,
 Boolean[] wrinkled, Boolean[] multPages, Boolean[] paperJam) in C:\Users\vladis
lavsd\Documents\Visual Studio 2017\Projects\PrinterNightmare\PrinterNightmare.cs
:line 191
   at PrinterNightmare.Main() in C:\Users\vladislavsd\Documents\Visual Studio 20
17\Projects\PrinterNightmare\PrinterNightmare.cs:line 313

    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 6:10 PM
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    Thanks for the stack trace, that told me where the bug is.  You have found a bug in Infer.NET.  It will be fixed in the next version.  Meanwhile, you can work around by using the following code:

        public static VariableArray<bool> AddChildFromThreeParents(VariableArray<bool> parent1, VariableArray<bool> parent2, VariableArray<bool> parent3, VariableArray<VariableArray<VariableArray<double>, double[][]>, double[][][]> cpt)
    {
        var n = parent1.Range;
        var child = Variable.Array<bool>(n);
        using (Variable.ForEach(n))
        {
            var parent2n = parent2[n] & Variable.Bernoulli(1.0);
            using (Variable.If(parent1[n]))
            {
                using (Variable.If(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][0][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][0][1]);
                }
                using (Variable.IfNot(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][1][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[0][1][1]);
                }
            }
            using (Variable.IfNot(parent1[n]))
            {
                using (Variable.If(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][0][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][0][1]);
                }
                using (Variable.IfNot(parent2n))
                {
                    using (Variable.If(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][1][0]);
                    using (Variable.IfNot(parent3[n]))
                        child[n] = Variable.Bernoulli(cpt[1][1][1]);
                }
            }
        }
        return child;
    }

    • Marked as answer by usptact Wednesday, November 1, 2017 7:44 PM
    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 7:14 PM
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    Thank you very much, Tom! I was tinkering with this function and noticed that the error appeared whenever the 3rd branching with Variable.If() / Variable.IfNot() was created.

    Your workaround works!

    Is the new release coming any time soon, if I may ask? Will it be more like bug fixing or there will be some breaking changes? Just curious what is in store.

    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 7:47 PM
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    The upcoming changes are listed at release change history.
    Wednesday, November 1, 2017 9:30 PM
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    Infer.NET version 2.7 is now out and fixes this problem.
    • Marked as answer by usptact Monday, April 2, 2018 3:47 PM
    Sunday, April 1, 2018 2:51 PM
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    This is great news! I am very excited!

    Tom, thank you for the great work on the framework and for the support in the forum here! Thank you a lot!

    Monday, April 2, 2018 3:48 PM